p. 82 - 83 # 9 - 19

9) .20 x 55 = 11 grams of sugar
    55 grams total - 11 grams of suggar = 44 grams of water

10) ?

11) Water molecules are polar because the hydrogen atoms are partially positive and the oxygen atom is partially negative.

12)


13) a) The oxygen part in the water molecule will be attracted to the K+ ion.
      b) The hydrogen atom will be attracted to the bromine ion because opposite charges attract and      
       like charges repel.

14) Heavy metals are called heavy because their atomic masses are greater or heavier than other elements.

15) Three symptoms of heavy metal poisoning are
       -damage to the nervous system
       -damage to the brain
       -damage to the kidneys
       -damage to the liver

16) a) Humans can be exposed to lead if they use pesticides or paint.
      b) Humans are exposed to mercury when eating too much fish or when people use medical or    
      weather thermometers.

17) Hydroxide ions are found in many bases.

18) Hydrogen atoms are found in many acids.

19) a) Sea water - base
      b) Drain cleaner - base
      c) Vinegar - acid
      d) Water - neutral

20) Which is more acidic?
      a) Soft drink > tomato
      b) Black coffee > water
      c) Milk of magnesia > ammonia

21) A solution at ph 2 is 100 times more acidic then a ph of 4

22) Three negative effects of pH levels on aquatic organisms are:
      - when the pH of rivers, lakes, and streams are too low fish egg development is impaired
      - high pH can dissolve fish skin and scales
      - low pH releases metal ions from the soil that are toxic to fish

23) Polar and non - polar molecules are almost opposites. Polar molecules are when there's a partial charge to the molecule and a non polar molecule is when there's no charge or an equal distribution of electrical charges and cancels to 0.

24) Lamp oil would be selected to dissolve a non-polar molecular substance.

25) Table salt dissolves in water but not in cooking oil because water is polar.

26) The phrase like dissolves like means polar molecules dissolve each other whereas non-polar molecules dissolve each other as well.

27) You cannot clean greasy dishes well with water because of the phrase "like dissolves like." You need soap because it's non - polar like the grease on the dishes.

33) Many mechanics prefer to use waterless hand cleaners to clean their greasy hands because:
      a) because it's likely nonpolar and basic
      b) using these cleaners are more effective because water is polar and doesn't clean much.

35) The hydrogen atom in hydrofluoric acid would form a partial positive charge.

p. 62 #1-3

1) a) Some changes we would see as the beaker cooled is more KCl molecules would dissolve in solution.
    b)
 2) An unsaturated solution will become more concentrated if we add more solute. Decreasing the total volume in the solution also increases the solution's concentration. Considering a solution made by dissolving 20 g KCl in 100 g water at 40 C,
     a)
     b1)

     b2) 1/4 of the water must evaporate at this temperature to create a saturated solution.

3) A solution may be diluted by adding water
   a)
   b)
   c)

Global warming is more of a problem than most people may think. Every year, scientists measure the carbon dioxide levels at The Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. Mana Loa is one of the few locations that scientists can take accurate measurements because it's one of the only areas that humans haven't polluted. In March 1958, about 50 years ago, the carbon dioxide levels were at 315 parts per million, as opposed to today where the carbon dioxide levels are at an all time high of 400 parts per million. Although CO2 levels are expected to increase during the spring and winter, at this current rate, in 2037, global warming will ruin the atmosphere. The damage humans have caused is irreversible and difficult to repair. 

 http://www.weforum.org/issues/climate-change-and-green-growth

p. 82 # 1-8

ISCS P. 82

1) Three teaspoons of sugar will completely dissolve in a serving of hot tea, but will not dissolve in an equally sized serving of iced tea because sugar is less soluble in cold water.

2) The maximum mass of potassium chloride that will dissolve in 100.0 g water at 70 degrees C is 50 g of potassium chloride. 

3) If the solubility of sugar (sucrose) in water is 2.0 g/mL at room temperature, the maximum mass of sugar that will dissolve is

a) 200 g
b) 710 g

c) 1,892 g

4) a) At 20 degrees C, NaCl is most soluble, second comes KCl, then KNO3 

    b) 80 degrees C, KNO3 is most soluble, then KCl and, lastly, NaCl 

5) A saturated solution is the maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a solvent at a specific temperature, as opposed to unsaturated, which is a solution that contains less dissolved solute than the amount that the solvent can normally hold at that temperature. 

6) Using the graph on p. 54, answer these questions about the solubility of potassium nitrate, KNO3 

a) 30 g
b) supersaturated 

c) 90 g

7) a)You are given a solution of KNO3 of unknown concentration. A crystal  will just dissolve if you add crystal of KNO3 in an unsaturated solution.
    b) If we added a crystal to the saturated solution, the solution would become supersaturated.
    c) If we added a crystal to a supersaturated solution the solution would stay supersaturated 

8) A 35-g sample of ethanol is dissolved in 115 g water. 30% is the percent concentration of the ethanol, expressed as percent ethanol by mass. 

p. 56 # 1-3

1) a) 106 grams of potassium nitrate (KNO3) will dissolve in 100 g water at 60 degrees C
    b) 43 grams of potassium chloride (KCl) will dissolve in 100 g water at the same (60 degree C)           temperature.

2) a) When you dissolve 25 g potassium nitrate in 100 g water at 30 degree C you produce an unsaturated solution. 15 more grams of potassium nitrate must be added to form a saturated solution at 30 degree C.
    b) The minimum mass of 30 degree C water needed to dissolve 25 g of potassium nitrate is 45 grams of potassium nitrate in 180 g of water.

3) a) 60 g of potassium nitrate will precipitate.
    b) 10 g of water would have to be added.

Lab Report: Water Testing

Abstract: Its important to know what's in your water. For example, in Riverwood, students and scientists found dead fish in the town's water supply. The scientists needed to take samples and test the water to see if contaminants were present. This same theory was applied in our water testing investigation. During the water testing lab, our class was testing an unknown sample of water to see which ions were present.

Procedure:

Calcium Ion Test

1) Drop 20 drops of solution into a well; repeat this step for each sample (reference, blank, tap water, natural water)
2) In the well, place 3 drops of sodium carbonate solution; repeat this step for each sample
3) Discard the solutions in the well plate
Iron III Test 
1)  Drop 20 drops of solution into a well; repeat this step for each sample (reference, blank, tap water, natural water)
2) In the well, place 1-2 drops of potassium thiocyanate reagent; repeat this step for each sample
3) Discard the solutions in the well plate

Chloride Ion test 

1)  Drop 20 drops of solution into a well; repeat this step for each sample (refere 
nce, blank, tap water, natural water)
2) In the well, place 3 drops of silver nitrate reagent; repeat this step for each sample
3) Discard the solutions in the well plate

Sulfate Ion Test

1)  Drop 20 drops of solution into a well; repeat this step for each sample (reference, blank, tap water, natural water)
2) In the well, place 3 drops of barium chloride reagent; repeat this step for each sample
3) Discard the solutions in the well plate

Results:
1) In the calcium ion test, both the tap water and natural water tested negative for calcium because the mixtures had no color and were not cloudy.
2) In the iron III ion test, both the tap water and natural water tested negative for calcium because the mixtures had no color and were not cloudy.
3) In the chlorine ion test, both the natural water and tap water tested positive in the confirming tests and had a cloudy appearance
4) In the sulfate ion test, the tap water tested negative because there was no change in appearance, but the natural water was positive because it had a cloudy precipitate.

Questions: 
1) Both blank and reference solutions were used during the procedure because this way we could compare the unknown solution to the others.
2) A possible problem with the qualitative test is if there are contaminants left, then they could test as false positives.
3) These tests cannot absolutely confirm the absence of an ion because the ion can be present in low concentration.
4) My observations might have changed because substances being mixed can lead to a false reading.

ISBS #25 - 34 p.50

25) There are many differences between qualitative and quantitative tests. Qualitative tests are tests that identify the presence or absence of a particular substance in a sample. This has to do with the appearance, such as color, of a substance. On the other hand, quantitative tests determine the amount of a specific substance present in a sample.

26) A confirming test is a labratory test that gives a positive result if a particular chemical species is present

27) In the water testing investigation, the purpose of (a) the reference solution, was to be used as a comparison for other tests since it contained the sought ion, and  (b) the distilled water blank didn't contain any ions, so it could also be used as a comparison against the unknown solution.

28) Using the procedure outlined in the water testing investigation, a student tests a sample of groundwater for iron and observes no color change. The student should not conclude that no iron was present because the student also needs to check for a participate before making a conclution.

29) Given an unknown mixture, the steps you would use to classify a solution, a suspension, or a colloid are as follows. For a suspension, you could use filtration, and if a filtrate is left after the procedure, then you could likely conclude that the mixture is a suspension. For a colloid, if the mixtutre appears cloudy, you could shine a light through it to see if there are small solid partilces that are in the substance. If so, it supports the theory that the mixture is a colloid. If both of these procedures tested negative, then you can likely conclude that the mixture is a solution becase the solute had dissolved in the solvent.

30) Possible risks in failing to follow the direction, "shake before using" on the label of a medicine bottle, could be not getting the full dose because you are not reciving all parts of the substance.

31) It is useful for element symbols to have an international appearance because people all over the world can use a universal chemisty language.

32) The drawing shows oxygen gas dissolving in water. The blue cubes represent ice cubes because gas molecules dissolve more easily under cold temperatures.

33) It is not possible for water to be 100% chemical free because the atmosphereic gasses nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide will always disolve in the water to some extent.

34) The physical properties of water are due to the elements that compose the compound. The hydrogen side of the water molecule has a slight positive charge while the oxygen side of the molecule has a slightly negative charge. This molecular polarity causes water to be a powerful solvent and to have strong surface tension.

How does testing water help us?

Testing water helps us in many ways. One personal way it affects me is because, in my future, I want to become an environmentalist and help the planet. Finding a way to purify water fascinates me.  Hopefully, in the future I will not only find a way to purify water at a low cost, but find many ways to keep our atmosphere stable.

ISBS p.51 #19-24

19) a) 6 electrons
      b) 13 protons
      c) 82 electrons
      d) 17 protons

20) a) not electrically neutral
      b) not electrically neutral
      c) electrically neutral
      d) not electrically neutral

21) a) anion
      b) neutral atom
      c) neutral atom
      d) cation
      e) cation

22) a) gaining electrons
      b) neither, electrically neutral
      c) neither, electrically neutral
      d) lost one electron
      e) lost two electrons

23) a) H
      b) Na+
      c) Cl-
      d) Al3+

24) a) potassium iodide KI
      b) calcium sulfide CaS
      c) iron (III) bromide FeBr3
      d) barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2
      e) amonium phosphate (NH4)3 PO4
      f) aluminum oxide Al2O3

Periodic Table Of The Elements Song

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUDDiWtFtEM

Water Diary

Data Table

Per Household	Day 1	Day 2	Day 3
Number of persons	4	4	4
Number of baths	0	0	1
Number of showers, and Average duration of a shower	5, 15 minute showers	4, 15 minute showers	6, 15 minute showers
Number of toilet flushes	15	18	17
Number of had wash loads of dishes	3	4	3
Number of machine wash loads of dishes	0	0	0
Number of washing machine loads of laundry	2	1	2
Number of lawn or garden waterings and Average duration of a watering	1 time for 20 min.	0	1 time for 20 min.
Number of car washes	1	0	0
Number of gallons of water for cooking and drinking	21	18	14
Number of times water runs in sink	24	21	28
Other uses and frequency	0	0	0

Total Water usage: 7,749 L
Average water per day: 2,583
Average water per person per day: 646

ISBS p.50

13)

14) a) Elements: i, ii, iv, vi
      b) Compounds: iii, v

15) A chemical formula tells us the elements present in a substance and the number of atoms in that substance.

16) a) 3 Hydrogen atoms, 1 Phosphorus atom and 4 Oxygen atoms
      b) 1 Sodium atom, 1 Oxygen atoms and 1 Hydrogen atom.
      c) 1 Sulfur atom and 2 Oxygen atoms

17) a)

      b)
      c) one gaseous H2 (hydrogen) molecule plus one gaseous Cl2 (chlorine) molecule yields two gaseous HCL (hydrochloric acid) molecules
    c2) two aqueous H202 (hydrogen peroxide) molecules yields two H20 (water) molecules plus one gaseous 02 (oxygen) molecule

18) a) NaHCO3 + HCl --> NaCl  + H2O + CO2
      b) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Extra Credit

Layla Molayem

Chemistry 

Dr. Forman 

6 - 20 - 13 

Extra Credit 

The Great Test Tube In The Sky 

Although most people think the sky is filled with nothing but stars, its also filled with gas thats density covers 100 - 1,000 molecules per cubic cm. The sky is also made up of hydrogen which covers 92% of the sky, helium which covers 8% and a very small content of oxygen. ALMA, the atacama large millimetre / sub-millimeter, is a new tool thats the worlds most powerful radio telescope. It consists of 66 dishes and has made many new discoveries. Although older telescopes can detect strong, simple signals of the sort emitted but small molecules like carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide, which have two and three atoms respectively, spotting more complex substances, like the ALMA can do, was almost impossible because their rotational energy is catered but their numerous bonds acs a wide range of frequencies. Even though the ALMA has only been open since march 13th, it has already identified glycolaldehyde and acetone, molecules that have eight and ten atoms respectively. http://www.almaobservatory.org

2. The following model represents a heterogeneous mixture, because the mixture is not uniform throughout. It represents suspension. It is composed of 3 atom compound and a 4 atom compound. One  compound with 2 of the same element, and one with 3 of the same element.

Look at drawing for drawings of 1 and 2. 

Classification of Matter

ISBS #1- 12 p.50

1) A physical property is a property that can be observed and measured without changing the chemical makeup of the substance.

2) Three physical properties of water are freezing point, density, and it's ability to dissolve solutes as a solvent.

3) The density of solid water compares to the density of liquid water because it's the only solid that is less dense compared to its liquid form. This is why ice floats in water.

4) A setting where I might observe water as a solid , a liquid and a gas all at the same time is when I'm in the snow and there is a flowing river with water vapor in the air.

5) Heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures are different because heterogeneous means different, which means the composition of the mixture is not the same, and homogeneous is the same or uniform throughout the mixture. All solutions are homogenous mixtures.

6) When gasoline and water and poured into the same container they form two distinct layers. The gasoline would form a layer on top because it is less dense than the water.

7) a) a medicine accompanied by instructions to "shake before using" is a suspension
    b) Italian salad dressing could be classified as suspension
    c) mayonnaise is a colloid
    d) a cola soft drink is a solution
    e) an oil - based paint is a suspension
    f) milk could be classified as a colloid

8) When you notice beams of light passing into a darkened room through the blinds on a window it is demonstrating that the air in the room is a colloid. This is known as the Tyndall effect because the light is scattered though the blinds.

9) See photos below of solutions and a suspension
solution
 solution

 suspension





10) Suppose you have a clear, red liquid mixture, and a beam of light is observed as it passes through the mixture. Over a period of time, no particles settle to the bottom of the container. The mixture would be classified as a solution because the beam of light is able to completely pass through. A solution is a homogenous mixture in which a solute is dissolved in a solvent, so no beams of light would be retracted.

11) The term substance is a material with a uniform, definite composition and distinct properties. Two examples of substance are table salt and sugar.

12) a) CO compound
      b) Co element
      c) HCl compound
      d) Mg element
      e) NaHCO3 compound
      f) NO compound
      g) I2 element

Foul Water Lab

Layla Molayem

6 -18 - 13

Chemistry 

Dr. Forman 

Foul Water Experiment 

The Chemical Bond Group: Layla, Abby, Jilly

FOUL WATE

Abstract: Although you may think water is only used for drinking and showering, water is applied in everything you do. Because there is a lack of fresh water supply, scientists are trying to devise a way to purify large quantities of water at a low cost. The goal of the Foul Water Experiment was to purify filthy water by oil water separation, sand filtration, and charcoal absorption so it can be utilized.  

Procedure

1) Preparing for your lab 

a) create a data table that presents: volume (mL), color, clarity, oder, presence of oil, and presence of solids

2) With a clean beaker collect 100 mL of foul water

 a) measure its volume
 b) record the volume of the water

 c) leave the sample in the cylinder 

3) Describe the original sample 

a) appearance, color, clarity, and odor
b) describe the apearrance of the foul water before the procedure 

Oil Water Separation 

4)  Let the sample rest in the cylinder for about a minute 

5) Using a pipet, remove the upper liquid layer, and place it in a test tube 

6) Add several drops of distilled water into the liquid that was placed in the test tube 

7) Read & record the volume of the liquid sample remaining in the gradated cylinder 

8) Dispose of the liquid in the test tube as directed by your teacher 

Sand Filtration 

9)  Poke small holes into the bottom of a disposable cup using a paper clip 

10) Add remoistened gravel and sand layers to the cup (should look like this):

(gravel)

(sand)

(sand)
(gravel)

                    

11) Pour the sample to be filtered through the cup and place a beaker underneath to catch the filtrate 

12) Discard of the gravel and sand that was used 

13) Record the qualities of the filtered water sample and document its volume. Save the filtered water sample

Charcoal Adsorption and Filtration 

14) Fold a piece of filter paper and place it in a tunnel; wetten it so it rests on the sides of the funnel 

15) Place the funnel on a ring stand and lower the ring so the rubber tube extends 2-3 cm inside a 150 mL beaker 

16) Add one teaspoon of car coal in a 125 mL or 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask 

17) Add the water sample into the flask and mix 

18) Pour liquid through the filter paper, and filter until filtrate is no longer darkened by charcoal particles 

19) Pour the filtered water sample into a graduated cylinder. Record the final volume and qualitative properties of 

the purified sample 

Results: At first, the water was a yellowish brown color with a disgusting odor. Through the filtration process, the water slowly became less murky. First, the oil was removed during the oil water separation, then, the solid particles were removed in sand filtration, and finally, the water was filtered through charcoal adsorption to remove many additional substances. Starting with 100 mL of foul water, and resulting with 77 mL of clean water, we successfully purified the foul water only losing 23 mL. 

ISAS #2 & Questions on P.22

ISAS

3) a. The manufacture of the filter paper is classified as indirect water use because water was a hidden part of the making of the filter paper.

    b. The premoistening of the sand and gravel is classified as direct water use because we added water to the sand and gravel and the amount of water added can be directly measured.

    c. The use of water to cool the distillation apparatus is classified as direct water use because the amount of water can be directly measured. 

4) To purify water means to filter the oil, sand, and filth out of water so that it's clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless.  

5) Three techniques for purifying water are oil water separation, sand filtration, and charcoal adsorption. One additional way to purify water is by UV light. 

6) Oil, sand, and many substances that give water a bad taste, cloudy appearance or an odor was removed from the foul water sample. 

7) The procedure used to filter the foul water can't be used on ocean water because it contains salt which is a solute that dissolves in the solvent water. This makes it difficult to separate the salt from the water. Distillation would be necessary for further purification. 

Pg.22

1) Three water uses that you could do without are washing dishes, clothes, and watering the plants.

2) One activity that you could not do without is drinking water because humans become dehydrated from the sun and can become very ill. 

3) In showering, many Americans can reduce the amount of water they use because, if each American shortens his or her shower by a minute, we could be saving many gallons of water a day. Also, people could wash their cars less. 

4) One way I could impure water is by shortening my shower so I can save water to wash my puppy. 

A.5

1) The greatest single use of water:
East- electric / steam
South - electric / steam
Midwest- electric / steam
West- irrigation / agricultural
Alaska- mining
Hawaii- irrigation/ agricultural

2) In the West, water is used more for agriculture because there is open farm land that supports the economy. In the East, water is used for electric purposes in order to keep houses warm during winter, and also, water is used for steam in the numerous factories in cities.

3) Two factors that could explain the greatest water uses are:
-Mining is a major industry in Alaska and supports the local economy
-In Hawaii, high water usage in agriculture is used to grow the state's own crops and is cheaper than having fruit and vegetables imported

ISAS

1) If Jimmy Hendricks just drank normal canned fruit juice instead of normal water, he would ironically be using more water indirectly, because the fruit needs irrigation, the packaging of the can is produced with water, and the juice itself is diluted with water.

2) To produce a loaf of bread, water is indirectly used to grow the grains to make the flour, in the packaging, for the workers in the factory, and for the yeast to rise.

8) The world's total water has changed because of increase in population growth and because of global warming and climate change.

9) Greatest to least total abundance on earth:
          -oceans
          -glaciers
          -water vapor
          -rivers

10) The quotation "water, water, everywhere, nor any drop to drink" can be exemplified when someone is stranded on a boat in the middle of the ocean with water surrounding the boat, but none of the water can be consumed. The water is too salty for drinking.

11) 77% of water is used on irrigation and agriculture in the West.

12) Fresh water makes of 2.8% of Earth's water supply. 2.11% of that fresh water is found in glaciers and 0.009% of the Earth's fresh water is found in lakes.

13) It might be possible that a molecule of water that I drank today was once drank by a dinosaur due to the hydrologic system

17) Each person in the U.S. uses an average of 370 Liters of water daily. Other sources, however, report that the U.S. per Capita water use is 4,960 Liters. The discrepancy is due to the fact that 370 Liters is direct water usage, whereas 4,960 Liters is indirect water usage. The indirect water use includes hidden uses of water that are not typically considered.

polluted water vs. lack of water

In my opinion, polluted water is more critical than lack of water. Having polluted water is almost like having no water. Drinking polluted water can make a person really sick because it carries diseases. Polluted water can affect an entire ecosystem as we learned in the Riverwood water crisis. Although a lack of water also causes severe effects, polluted water is more crucial.